History of Social Dancing in the Twentieth Century free essay sample

A concise study on the history of social dancing in 20th century. This paper examines historically social dancing in the 20th century, also called couple dancing. The paper describes the five different types: Modern Waltz, Tango, Viennese Waltz, Slow Foxtrot, and Quickstep, all of which are presently danced the world over both socially as well as in dance sport competitions. Social dancing was derived from the concept of dancing by a couple, usually a man and a lady, in a closed hand. Coming from the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, these dances gained popularity from the standard ballroom dances with diverse rhythms, tempos, and aesthetics. Although all these aspects changed with the change in the social attitudes, the one thing, which remained common through out the history of dancing, is that of the couple dance or the social dances. (Evans 2001)

Toddlerhood Essays

Toddlerhood Essays Toddlerhood Paper Toddlerhood Paper Toddlers use self-control when they want something they cant have, or when they are forced Into a situation they do not want to be In. For example, a child may want a candy bar, but the caregiver refuses to give It to them Immediately. The toddler uses their ability of self-control to Walt patiently until they are allowed to have the candy bar. Psychosocial Crisis The psychosocial crisis of toddlers Is autonomy versus shame and doubt. Autonomy is a toddlers sense that they can do things on their own instead of with the assistance of the caregiver. A toddlers ability to do something on their own boosts their self-esteem in accomplishing tasks and makes them more confident in themselves later on in life. If a caregiver is supportive and praising when a toddler does something correctly on their own, the positive outcome of the psychosocial crisis for this stage of life is achieved. Shame and doubt is a toddlers sense that they cannot do anything right on their own, causing them to second-guess themselves more often that not. Shame and doubt is the negative outcome of this psychosocial rises, and it can be caused from caregivers who are not praising and supportive of their childs sense of autonomy. If, for example, the caregiver scolds the child for doing something wrong every time they attempt to complete the task, the child will not be confident in themselves whenever they try to do something on their own. Later in life, these toddlers will have a low sense of self-esteem and will always question the validity of their actions. Central Process The central process for the stage of toddlers is imitation. Toddlers use Imitation in order to best learn how to do things. A toddler may imitate an older sibling tying their shoes in order to fully learn how to tie their own shoes. Imitation can also be used for fantasy play; a child may Imitate their mother washing the dishes after observing her and how she completes the task. Coping Mechanisms The prime adaptive ego quality of this stage of life Is will. Will Is the capacity of the mind to direct and control action. Without will, toddlers would not be able to control themselves when necessary or develop a sense of autonomy. Toddlers who do not eve a strong will become adults that do not make decisions for themselves often unless otherwise directed by another. The core pathology of this life stage Is compulsion. Compulsion Is developed when toddlers do not develop a strong sense of self-control Is established. Toddlers with a low will power often give In to their compulsions, be them good or bad; toddlers may steal candy bars if they want it or hurt someone because they are not happy with teem. Compulsion can also De a sense Tanat things must time they are completed. De cone a CE rattan way every

Russian literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Russian literature - Essay Example It clearly showed that the very "simple Soviet man" by whose name all the Stalinists sworn suffered from Stalinism most of all. The main character of Solzhenitsyn’s story is Ivan Denisovich Shukhov, the ordinary prisoner of Stalin's camps. In this story the author on behalf of his hero tells on just one day out of three thousand six hundred and fifty-three days of term of Ivan Denisovich. But that day will be enough to understand what conditions prevailed in the camp, which law existed, learn about the lives of prisoners to get terrified by all this. Camp is a special world that exists separately, in parallel to that of other people. Here there are other laws that differ from our usual ones; everyone here survives in its own way. Life in the camp is shown not from the outside, but from inside by the person who knows about it firsthand, from his personal experience. That is why the story is startling in its realism. The question is whether it is possible to survive in these ter rible conditions, to survive not only as a being, but as a personality. The main character with all his life proves that it is possible. "Thank you, Lord, another day is gone!" - Ivan Denisovich concludes his story, - "A day passed, unalloyed, almost happy". On this day, Shukhov was really lucky: a team was not driven to Sotsgorodok to pull wire in the cold without heat, passed through the cooler, got off with just washing the floors in the guard room, received an extra portion of dinner meals, the work was familiar to him – he had to put the wall in the TPP, he worked lively, passed the jail shakedown safely and carried the saw to the camp, earned some money in the evening at Caesar's and bought two glasses of Latvian home-grown tobacco, and, which was most important, he did not get sick, he coped the cold. Ivan Denisovich Shukhov was sentenced to ten years on trumped-up case: he was accused that he had returned from captivity with the secret German job assignment, and nobod y could state exactly what exactly this job was. As a man he cannot help causing respect: in spite of all the conditions he managed to keep kindness and friendly attitude to people, he has not got bloody-minded, has not lost humanity. Shukhov is willing to share the latest with a good man, even just to please him. Ivan Denisovich gives cookies to Alyosha-Baptists to pamper and support him, because he "caters to all, and can not earn. " And how well Ivan Denisovich treats Gopchik! For him Gopchik is almost as a native son. I feel deep respect to this man, unlike, for example, to the jackal Fetyukov, a former high chief, accustomed to command, who does not even hesitate to get butts out of the spittoon. This is a real jackal, who lives at the expense of other’s leftovers. To lick someone else's plates, to look into someone’s mouth in anticipation that he would get something - for him it is quite common. He causes only disgust, even convicts refuse to work with him. In th e camp he had not left even a drop of male pride, he openly wept when he was beaten for licking plates. Indeed, everyone chooses a lifeline for himself, but the most undignified way is the way of an informer Panteleev living through squealing to other prisoners. These people are hated in the camp, and the fact that the three were killed, did not surprise anybody. Death here is common, and life turns into nothing. It scares the most. Unlike them, Ivan Denisovich "was not a jackal, even after eight years of

Fidel Castro of Cuba (1959-2008) Research Paper

Fidel Castro of Cuba (1959-2008) - Research Paper Example Fidel Castro is the former political leader of Cuba; he has served tenure of governance from 1959 to 2008. Fidel Castro is popularly known for the Cuban revolution which brought him to power largely by public support. As with all revolutions, two perceptions of Fidel Castro commonly exist in recollections – one portrays him as a heroic leader rescuing his people from the evils of social inequalities and another portrays him as a blood-thirsty lunatic hound shooting his people just to avenge the disagreement with or disobedience for his thoughts. â€Å"The seed of revolution is repression† (Wilson). When the public realizes that they are being oppressed by the laws formulated for their betterment, an uprising or rebellion is most sure to follow. However, more often revolutions are long drawn and tiring as governments refuse to let go of power and public refuses to be led into deterioration. â€Å"It is impossible to predict the time and progress of revolution. It is governed by its own more or less mysterious laws† (Lenin). It is needless to say those in power consider the uprising as evil while those in oppression consider the powerful as evil. Fidel Castro was the son of an illiterate sugar plantation owner. His parents wanted him to get education and eventually enrolled him in a boarding school. His teachers soon realized that Castro was an intelligent student and all-rounder athlete. He graduated in Law and initiated his practice as a lawyer in Havana, the capital of Cuba (Simkin). The conditions that led to his rule stemmed from his inclination to uptake court cases of poor and oppressed individuals who could not afford to pay him adequately. Consequently, Castro was financially unstable. However, this instability and the increasing numbers of cases with poor people involved made Castro realize the injustice prevalent against the Cuban nationals (Simkin). At the time, United States had a large holding in Cuba lands in the form of business properties. Most of those benefitting from these economic activities were foreign people while the vast majority of Cuban people were forced to live in poverty or difficult conditions. Castro saw this as an abuse of Cuban resources and people and set off on his political journey to rectify this error (Simkin). Castro was able to gain control of the governance through his political and rebellious course of action. Initially, he joined Cuban People’s Party in 1947 to put in his efforts in the social revival of Cuba. The party’s motives largely attracted Castro as these were consistent with his own goals. The party pressed for reforms whereby the corruption and injustice would be rectified, unemployment and poverty catered to and obnoxiously low wages looked on for improvements. His patriotism and passion quickly brought him to the forefront of the team. His interpersonal skills made him a hero in the eyes of numerous Cuban people who supported him in his motives till the very end (Simkin). In 1952 when the elections were scheduled to be held, Castro was a member of Congress for the Cuban People’s Party. This party was the most liable to be selected for the formation of the upcoming government. However, General Fulgencio Batista intervened in the elections with the help of armed forces and took over the control of the country’s affairs. This infuriated Castro and his fellow members. He was soon seen plotting against Batista’s make-do governance. Within a year in 1953, Cas tro attacked the Moncada Army Barracks with the help of 123 other individuals, both men and women (Nosotro, 2010). With a compliance of only 123 individuals, Castro did not stand a chance against the organized armed forces of Batista. Soon the rebellion was suppressed with eight killings during the battle and numerous killings after that. Castro repeatedly got lucky when those individuals in charge of him continually disobeyed orders of assassinating him. The news quickly

Fall of the House of Usher Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fall of the House of Usher Journal - Essay Example Homosexuality is an implied vice in the story. In their first meeting, Roderick Usher greets him with energetic warmth that creates a sense of an overdone cordiality. The association of the Narrator and Roderick is not entirely elaborated, the narrator describes Usher as a boyhood friend and further elaborates that they were intimate during their childhood. Usher writes the Narrator a letter asking him to accord him company during the distressful time, implies sexual attraction between the two friends. Despite being terrified by the house of Usher and his illness, the narrator cannot resist the attraction to the twisted world of Roderick (Poe and David 61). There is an implication that Roderick and Madeline are inseparable. Madeline coming back after being buried could be perceived as a ghost coming back for revenge or simply hallucinations of Roderick, to help him remember her. The possibility that Madeline and Roderick are halves of the same person, who can only co-exist together. When Madeline dies, Roderick prefers to entomb her inside the house as opposed to using the family`s

Food Safety: Management Report

Food Safety: Management Report Literature Review Food safety issues are as old as mankind and since time primeval humans have developed procedures to ensure that the food they eat does not harm them. To produce food with any new technology, there must be appropriate armament to protect human health. There exist few written records, but it is plausible to assume that, historically, the safety of new products of food was established by experiment. The foods consumed today are generally viewed as safe, based on their long history of such safe use. It is worth noting that this general acceptance of historical safety does not necessarily mean that some conventional foods may not cause detrimental health effects under some circumstances. â€Å"With the world’s growing population, the provision of a safe, nutritious and wholesome food supply for all has become a major challenge. â€Å" From the Encyclopedia of Food Safety Executive Summary The purpose of this report is to inform the Managing Director Quality Foods Co. LTD that after the last Safety and Health committee, there have been several complaints from the staffs regarding health and safety in the company. And also upon investigation it was concluded that there was the need for proper supervision and a safety measure for the health of the employees and consumers. This report will provide recommendations that need to be implemented and also it will also inform the Managing Director the importance of compliance with OSHA 2005. â€Å"We have to change our food management system culture†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Introduction Established in 1991, Food Quality Co. LTD is one of the leading traders of cheese making in Mauritius. Our industry processes, imports, refines and markets a wide range of home-ground and imported food ingredients especially cheese. We serve household consumers with packaged, branded, with high quality of cheese products and have over 100 employers. Objectives of our company: a. Serving Customers Improve contract performances Maximize customer service Improve food management system. Be the top leading industry in Mauritius for cheese making. b. Food Ingredients Our customers in the Mauritian food service industry are increasingly improving their products to address changing consumer preferences. Our ingredients’ portfolio includes: Cultures Mold Powders : Mesophilic, thermophilic, buttermilk, chevre, creme fraiche, flora danica, fresh, fromage blanc, fromagina, keifer, sour cream, propionic, yogurts. Rennets : Animal, vegetable, tablets, liquid and powder Additives : Salt, citric acid, tartaric acid, calcium chloride, lipase, herbs, ash, coloring Main concern Recently, it was found that during the final stage of cheese making, some milk products were already contaminated and it was found to be from cow to table. There were some cases of food allergy (poisoning) and the demand for this our cheese has been reduced. To come forward to this problem and its solution we must all understand the aspect of food safety and management system. Hazard associated with our food ingredients Our employers are exposed to several types of hazards during their 8-hr working period. Such hazards include: Ergonomics hazards Chemical hazards, and Physical hazards But the main risk was found to be microbial hazard since our milk was contaminated and in turn our cheese products were infected too. Storage and Transfer of Raw Milk: Any time the milk is transferred or stored; all equipment and containers must be sterile to prevent contamination. The storage temperature must be low enough (usually 4 degrees Celsius) to keep any bacteria remaining in the milk from growing. Sources can include: Food handlers Raw food and water Insects, rodents, animals and birds From the environment. Root of the problem: Processing and production of cheese a. Preparing the milk the problem was found during this stage, where the milk was already contaminated leading to microbial infections of the cheese products. b. Separating the curds from the whey in any common cheese-making operation, the first step is preparing the milk. Our industry do not import any pasteurized milk. Instead we prepare the milk from our farm cows and must add bacteria culture to produce the lactic acid. Curds must be separated from the whey, animal or vegetable rennet is added, and then the curds are agitated and cut using large knives. As the whey separates, it is drained. The curds are then pressed into molds, if necessary, to facilitate further moisture drainage, and aged for the proper amount of time from the whey, but they are more typically left alone. When separation is complete, the whey is drained. c. Pressing the curds – moisture must then be removed from the curds, although the amount removed depends on the type of cheese. Here, they are pressed to give the proper shape and size. d. Ageing the cheese – at this stage the cheese may be injected with a flavoring mold, bathed in brine, or wrapped in cloth or hay before being deposited in a place of the proper temperature and humidity to age. Some cheeses are aged for a month, some for up to years, followed by the wrapping stage of cheese. Controlling the hazards – simple ways for our food handlers. Solution and Recommendation Milk contamination may occur from: Cow feces coming into direct contact with the milk Cow diseases (e.g., bovine tuberculosis) Bacteria that live on the skin of cows Environment (e.g., feces, dirt, processing equipment) Insects, rodents, and other animal vectors Small numbers of bacteria might multiply and grow in the milk before someone drinks it if it is raw.Thus, our employees in the food handling department must be well aware of the dangers of bacterial contamination. Keep the workspace clean: Follow the simple strategy: ‘clean as you go policy’ Carry out a cleaning task of work surfaces and the surrounding work area as everything must be visually clean and trim. Return all unused raw materials to the correct storage area as soon as possible Return unused items to their initial storage area. b) Keep tools, utensils and equipment in good order, in a sterile state and stored correctly tools, utensils, and equipment require to be cleaned immediately after use, and MAINTAIN WORKPLACE FOOD SAFETY codes/ standards c) Keep ingredients and products separate and in their assigned places separate storage areas for raw and cooked foods. 2 Work in a way that keeps food safe a) Dispose of food waste and b) Avoid product contamination and cross-contamination at all stages of processing operations by maintaining good personal hygiene by using correct color-coded equipment by storing raw materials and finished products correctly at all stages of the process By keeping the floors in your work area clean By keeping work surfaces and equipment clean By preventing pest infestation General Precautions for our company Importing of food ingredients Understand requirements specifications material colors, packaging freight samples and quantites Select supplier identify suitable source check and confirm samples Client approval Samples Pricing Terms and conditions Sign order Place deposit The manufacturer Production control Inspect quality and packing Delivery Transport ( sea or air) Customs clearance Storing (employers dealing with food ingredients ) People taking care of the preparation department, must be aware of the temperature danger zone Take special care with high-risk foods Store food in the fridge Freeze food safely. Store cooked food safely. Store raw food separately from cooked food. Choose strong, innocuous food storage containers. If in doubt, throw it out: Throw out high-risk food left in the temperature danger zone for more than four hours – don’t put it in the fridge and don’t keep it for later. Check the use-by dates on food products and discard out-of-date food. If you are uncertain of the use-by date, throw it out. Personal hygiene This is an obligation that our food industry has to their clients and the general public. The most important things our food handlers need to know and understand are that they must: Do whatever is reasonable preventing their body; anything from their body or anything they are wearing, coming into contact with food. Do whatever is necessary to stop unnecessary contact with ready-to-eat food. Wear clean outer clothing, (depending on the type of work they do). Not eat over unprotected food or surfaces likely to come in contact with food. Not sneeze, blow or cough over unprotected food or surfaces likely to come into contact with food. Not to spit, smoke or use tobacco where food is handled and Not to urinate or to defecate except in a toilet If you injured yourself, make sure to control the wound. Clean it and put a water proof blue plaster and immediately use disposable gloves. Food safety law, requirements and its application Food safety – the beginning and the final stage Are our products that have been used from beginning to final stage, safe for human consumption? Our company kept growing since 1991. Just because of the contaminated milk, the demand for our cheese products is being reduced in market and this is going to be detrimental to our company’s future. Therefore, food safety regulations are applied to each stage in food production, from processing and manufacture to distribution. The Food Safety Act 1990 (as amended) provides the scheme for all food legislation –as applies in Mauritius too. The main responsibilities for all food businesses under the Act are: To ensure you do not include anything in food except necessary requirements. Remove anything from food or treat food in any way which means it would be damaging to the health of people eating it to ensure that the food you serve or sell is of the nature, substance or quality which consumers would expect to ensure that the food is labeled, advertised and presented in a way that is not false or misleading â€Å"Producing safe food is paramount to our business’s success†¦.† Food quality – requirements of the law Are the products produced, met with the requirements specified and designed by the law? Food qualityis the quality characteristics of food that is admissible to consumers. Food quality is an important food manufacturing requirement, because food consumers are vulnerable to any form of spoliation that may occur during themanufacturing process. Factors contributing towards quality of food: Appearance Color Taste Odor Nutritional value Contaminants (Physical, Chemical Microbiological) defilement HACCPis a management system in which food safety is superscribed through the analysis and control of biological, chemical, and physical hazards from raw material production, acquisition and handling, to manufacturing, distribution and consumption of the finished product. A food safety program must be developed in our company to ensure safe sale of food products. The benefit of this food safety program would systematically identify the food safety hazards that are likely to occur in our food handling operations and also provide a systematic monitoring process based on our food business. Statistics Figure 1 This table shows food poisoning trend from 1990 to 2011 in Mauritius. Figure 2 This table shows the â€Å"reported cases† of food poisoning in Mauritius. Year Reported food poisoning 2001 23 2002 33 2003 60 2004 160 2005 29 2006 78 2007 766 2008 129 2009 718 2010 156 2011 445 2012 512 Training effectiveness For our company not to meet with failings with health and safety, the health and safety department must contribute to a lucrative business in the view of a better and healthy work ahead. The safety of our food depend largely our food handlers. However malpractices have been reported on numerous occasions resulting in food poisoning outbreaks. Therefore it is essential that food handlers are properly trained so that they take the necessary precautions to avoid such accidents. Training of managers, supervisors and all people who can influence the safety of food is essential to reduce the unacceptable high levels of food contamination. Improvement of food safety knowledge and practices of employee is through food safety training. Possible impacts Failing to comply with food safety control plan The promotion of food safety, including by assisting food premises to handle food safely, remains a key priority under theFood Act. To complement this educative approach, councils have a range of enforcement options, including the ability to issue infringement notices for certain food safety or hygiene offences. The infringement notices make it easier for councils to administer, investigate and enforce the Food Act. Councils also have the authority to focus enforcement efforts on food premises which pose a greater risk to public health because of non-compliance with the Food Act. Any employee may file a complaint to have OSHA inspect their workplace if they believe that their employer is not following OSHA standards or that there are serious hazards and as a result: Involvement – Ministry of Health and Quality of life. Consequence – Company closes and earns a bad reputation. End result – workers go unemployed and company locked. Conclusion Radical and beneficial changes occurred in the food industry in today’s world. Although consumers are increasingly aware of the connection between food and health, they tend to take the safety of the food they eat very much for granted. Food safety is best ensured by the shared responsibility of everybody involved with food from the professional to the consumer. All along the food chain, various procedures and good practices are implemented to ensure that the food which reaches the consumers table is fit for utilization. The risks of food contamination are minimized so that the population as a whole is healthier from the benefits of safe quality food. But responsibility for food safety should not only be the priority of professionals in the food industry. There are rules and conduct to guide the professionals and the consumer is coequally responsible in order to ensure the safety of food at home. The best way to practice food safety is to be well-informed about the basics of food: Natural processes and The hazards to food from bacteria – inside the premised or those coming from the environment. Consumers have a right to expect that the foods they purchase and consume will be safe and of high quality. They have a right to voice their notions about the food control strategies, standards and actions that governments and our industry use to establish that the food supply has these tendencies. Acknowledgments Mr. S. Jason Mrs. R. Roberta Mr. Canny Mr. Colet Max Miss Soogun Kawthur Quality foods Co. LTD Food safety journals References Quality foods Co. LTD – www.qualityfoods.com Ministry of Health and Quality of Life http://ncb.intnet.mu/moh/ Health Officers http://ncb.intnet.mu/moh/ Food safety journals – online websites Microbiology department of Victoria Hospital Health and Safety department of University of Mauritius – www.uom.mu MSB ( Mauritius Standard Bureau) Food Safety act 1990 Food Safety Regulations 1999 CSO (2000). Digest of agricultural statistics. Central Statistical office, Port-Louis, Mauritius FSA (2000). The Food Standards Agency.

Applied Behavior Analysis Essay -- Autism Autistic Disorders Essays

Applied Behavior Analysis What is Autism? Autism is a neurological disorder delaying overall development and functioning. Children with autism generally experience prominent delays in the development of language, non-verbal communication, cognitive abilities, adaptive functioning, and social interaction. Children with autism often exhibit self stimulatory behavior such as spinning, rocking, hand flapping, or other peculiar motor behaviors. Autistic children can also be characterized by repetitive behavior and obsession with routine. Wide ranges of severity exist among those affected, for example, communication development can be displayed through complex language acquisition or the child may demonstrate no form of communication at all. A Parent's Perspective If you receive a diagnosis of Autism for your child, it can be devastating. Finding the appropriate help for your child can prove to be a painstaking endeavor. It is common for parents to receive conflicting, and/or erroneous information about the treatment of Autism from various professionals. The purpose of this pamphlet is to explain a mode of treatment known as Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) and its potential effectiveness. What is ABA? ABA is a comprehensive behavior program incorporating all aspects of a child's life. It is characterized by a systematic teaching program. Every learning objective is broken down into the simplest form and taught to the child in a one-to-one (child/teacher) format. As skills are developed, complexity is added and generalization into all parts of the child's life is expected. The primary teaching method is known as discrete trial teaching. Discrete trial teaching occurs in a highly structured environ... ... 28 Nov. 2001. Connecticut Families for Effective Autism Treatment. 7 Feb. 2002 <http://www.ctfeat.org/daversabafinal.htm > Saffran, R. â€Å"What is ABA?†, Jul. 1997. ABA Resources for Recovery of Autism/PDD/Hyperlexia. 7 Feb. 2002 <http://members.tripod.com/Rsaffran/whatisaba.html> Leaf, Ron, McEachin, John, Editors. A Work in Progress: Behavior Management Strategies and a Curriculum for Intensive Behavioral Treatment of Autism. New York: DRL Books, 1999. "Early Behavior Intervention for Autism: What Does Reserach Tell Us?" by Green, G. as found in Behavior Intervention for Young Children with Autism, edited by C. Maurice, G. Green, S. Luce "Roll Call of Recovered Kids", <http://home.san.rr.com/autismnet/rollcall.html> provided through The Autism Network Resources for Physicians website, 2000-20001.<http://home.san.rr.com/autismnet/>

The Third Leg in the Strategy Tripod †Institutional Based View

THE THIRD LEG IN THE STRATEGY TRIPOD – Institutional Based View Introduction Strategy has come to play a significant role in international business (IB) in recent times. This is predicated on the fact of complexities associated with globalisation. The interplay of various factors of production in an environment could have been sufficient for MNEs in taking investment decisions. However, experience has shown otherwise. In this light, strategising in the international business arena has been dominated by industry and resource based views, somewhat ignoring the magnitude of institutional impact on investment decisions.EVALUATION OF ‘THE THIRD LEG IN THE STRATEGY â€Å"TRIPOD†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ According to Peng et al (2008), citing Porter(1980) Barney (1991) the industry-based view is rooted in the assumption that the strategy employed by MNEs is determined by the conditions within the industry of focus. Also, the resource based view tends to narrow performance and internation al business strategy to resources in specific firms. The aggregated views are functions of research findings carried out in environments whose institutions are seemingly standardised and stable.Meanwhile these views have not been able to deal with the nagging questions posed by strategy as regards investment locations. Recent research directions have established remarkable differences in the institutional frameworks of emerging economies relative to developed economies. This is largely due to long history of cultural, legal and political platforms that organise their businesses. According to Peng et al (2008), the effect of these formal and informal institutions are quite remarkable in shaping strategies and performance even in developed economies.This may not have come to the front burner without recent research on the relationship between institutions and organisational strategies in emerging economies. Peng et al (2008) are of the view that earlier approach to international IB st rategy did not offer institutions appropriate place in the strategy discourse. In furtherance to this, Peng et al (2008) argue that the institutions should actually be recognised as the third leg in the strategy tripod. The other legs being resource based and industry based views.Let us explore the institutions and how they impact IB strategies. In understanding an institution, the renowned Economist Searle (2005 pp. 21) defines an institution as ‘any collectively accepted system of rules (procedures, practices) that enable us to create institutional facts’. It follows that the institutions set the rules for doing business in any environment. As such an MNE is only going to be successful where it understands, assimilates and applies the rules of the environment for competitive advantage.Peng et al’s (2008) argument on the institutional view of strategy focuses on legal, social and political aspects as these have been found to change quite significantly in emergin g economies upon both internal and external impacts. EFFECTIVENESS OF THE FOUR CASES OFFERED IN SUPPORTING THE CENTRAL ARGUMENT Peng et al (2008) posit that in transacting business in a developed economy, the supporting institutions operate albeit silently at the background. This is in contrast to the situation in emerging economies where the weight of institutions plays visible roles in consummating transactions.These visible roles have tendencies to alter the business equation in favour of MNEs who have taken proactive steps in influencing the institutional outcomes. Place this fact side by side the growing importance of emerging economies, it becomes imperative that institutional view of strategy becomes as important as the traditional views. Emerging economies like China and India are great examples where institutions’ actions and inactions play great roles in balancing the IB strategy tripod. Growing The Firm In ChinaPeng et al (2008) note that it is puzzling to see Chin a growing economically in the midst of underdeveloped institutional framework. This growth could not have taken place on the strength of the industry and resource based views alone. Peering deeply, Peng et al (2008) Wong (2012) recognise the cultural influences that abound in Chinese business climate which border on social and family networks otherwise referred to as guanxi. This may have phenomenally replaced the formal institution, as such affects the success of businesses within the environment.Peng et al (2008) suggest that in economic environments where institutions are week, norms and cognition take over as game changers. This highlights the import of institution based view in IB strategies. Competing In And Out Of India The meteoric rise of India in the area of IT and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) was attributed to resource and industry based view of IB strategy (Peng et al 2008). These views are based on the opinion that cheap labour, excellent skills and virtuality are major factors responsible for their growth.Nonetheless, institutional considerations are found to be quite relevant in India’s context. Considerations in the areas of education subsidy to top Universities and various economic reforms including liberalisation by government institutions played crucial roles in making India a competitive environment for investments (Peng et al 2008). These institutional references can conveniently stand as the third tripod of the IB strategy. Antidumping As Entry Barriers Market-based variables as noted by Peng et al (2008) have been alleged as the basic entry barriers in IB.Meanwhile non market based institutional variables have been largely ignored in IB startegies.. Trade barriers have come to play important roles in IB strategies. Countries in protecting their local business players against foreign competition usually set up institutional policies aimed at stemming imports by foreign MNEs. These MNEs are alleged to compete unfavourably thro ugh the process of dumping. Davis (2009) citing the 1947 GATT agreement defines dumping as a situation where goods originating from a country are imported into another country at less than normal values.The use of anti-dumping laws by developed countries against MNEs from developing countries is a good example of how an institutional policy could be a tool of trade barrier in IB. Western countries have used this tool of protectionism against competition from Asia quite effectively. The issue here is that when market-based forces fail, antidumping laws could be deployed by local firms to ward off MNEs, thus firming the position of institutional based view as the third leg in the IB strategy tripod. Governing The Corporation In Emerging Economies Corporate governance is highly a determinant in firm performance in developed countries.This is due to the fact that the agency theory focuses on separation of ownership and control. These are exemplified by principal-manager conflicts (Peng et al 2008) quite unlike a lot of emerging economies where principal-principal conflict is the norm. The ability of an MNE to invest in such an environment would mean understanding the value and complexities of concentrated ownership and strategising accordingly. CONCLUSION It is evident from the work of Peng et al (2008) and other researchers that institution-based view has come to occupy the third leg of the IB strategy discourse.It is pertinent to note that the emergence of the institution based view does not in any way diminish the importance of the traditional based views in IB strategy. Instead it complements the traditional views, thus balancing the IB strategy in form of a tripod. It is my opinion that this tripod leverages on industry-based view, resource-based view and institutional-based view for balance. While Peng et al (2008) referenced most of their arguments on developing economies, the institutional effects are found to be applicable in developed countries as well. References Davis L. 2009) ‘Ten years of anti-dumping in the EU: economic and political targeting’. ECIPE Working Paper †¢ No. 02/2009 (Online) Available from: http://www. ecipe. org/media/publication_pdfs/ten-years-of-anti-dumping-in-the-eu-economic-and-political-targeting. pdf (Accessed September 26, 2012) Peng, M. W. , Wang, D. Y. L. & Jiang, Y. (2008) ‘An institution-based view of international business strategy: A focus on emerging economies’,Journal of International Business Studies,  39 (5), July/August, pp. 920–936. (Online) Available at: http://dx. doi. org. ezproxy. liv. ac. k/doi:10. 1057/palgrave. jibs. 8400377 (Accessed September 23) Searle J. (2005) ‘What is an institution? ’ Journal of Institutional Economics (2005), 1: 1, 1–22 (Online) Available from: http://www. laisumedu. org/DESIN_Ibarra/desin/pdf-seminario2006/seminario-2006-04d. pdf (Accessed September 24, 2012) Wong J. (2012) ‘The Guanxi Strategie s of Taiwanese Firms in China’s Economic Reforms’ The Journal of Global Business Management Volume 8 * Number 1 * February 2012. (Online) Available at: http://www. jgbm. org/page/15%20Jeng-Min%20Wong. pdf (Accessed September 24, 2012)

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Electoral College Electoral College The Electoral College, friend or foe? The answer behind this question is in the minds of those that understand it. Whether it be a â€Å"friend† or a â€Å"foe† there will always be opposing sides and a controversial verse. Since the political circumstance of today, the Electoral College seems to be the topic in every conversation and the thesis to every essay. The uncontrollable desire to know the truth behind the mystery is stirring in the minds of the people in the United States of America. With the 2000 Elections underway sides are beginning to be taken among the people. Many oppose the Electoral College because of the fact that unknowing electors choose their leader and many support it because it was created by the founding fathers. Both sides are arguable and not one side is right. The question is: Can a system be created to satisfy both sides of the American public? The founding fathers created the Electoral College for many reasons. 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Free Essays on Electoral College Free Essays on Electoral College Electoral College Electoral College The Electoral College, friend or foe? The answer behind this question is in the minds of those that understand it. Whether it be a â€Å"friend† or a â€Å"foe† there will always be opposing sides and a controversial verse. Since the political circumstance of today, the Electoral College seems to be the topic in every conversation and the thesis to every essay. The uncontrollable desire to know the truth behind the mystery is stirring in the minds of the people in the United States of America. With the 2000 Elections underway sides are beginning to be taken among the people. Many oppose the Electoral College because of the fact that unknowing electors choose their leader and many support it because it was created by the founding fathers. Both sides are arguable and not one side is right. The question is: Can a system be created to satisfy both sides of the American public? The founding fathers created the Electoral College for many reasons. One of the reasons was to give the people the right to have a say on who becomes president and another reason was to give congress the right to choose as well. At the time of the 1787 Constitutional Convention this was a topic that aroused many opposing ideas and opinions. They had three choices, to allow the public direct elections, grant congress the right to elect the president or give electors the privilege of selecting the countries leader. What they were trying to do was to prevent absolute power. Since they had their taste of King George’s way of ruling they were afraid that if they let one group of people choose the president then that group would gain too much power or the president elected would feel too powerful. After many disputes and disagreements the delegates finally reached a decision. Consequently, they created a complex â€Å"filtering† process known as the Electoral College. 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